Gender Differences Between Personality And Personality

With relevant theory and research evidence, critically discuss the view that there are gender differences in personality Personality is a ‘dynamic organisation, inside the person, of psychophysical systems that crate the person’s characteristic patterns of behaviour, thoughts and feelings’ (Allport, 1961, p.11). Various terms were used to define personality across the description of individual differences from various perspectives (Maltby, Day Macaskill, 2007, pp. 9). Personality psychology is spread wide out therefore there are significant researches done throughout to understand personality, one of the research in describing and explaining gender differences in personality. Although, this topic may seem evolved, it was not until the 1970’s when significant studies were piloted to learn gender differences in personality. To understand the emphasis and analysis of gender differences in personality, this essay will aim to approach theories and research evidence to confer the gender differences in personality. It will cover the aetiology of where these differences originated, followed by biological perspective to determine the gender of one self (male or female). Also, dig further into how personality theory of traits can explain the differences with evidence. However, firstly a brief account of male and female differences will be explained below. The most basic and obvious differences observed in both genders are the physical developments such as weight, height (inShow MoreRelatedGender And Openness At Experience1081 Words   |  5 Pages Gender and Openness to Experience Sydney Holst Arizona State University: PSY 290 Abstract The relationship between gender and openness to experience was examined. Arizona State University undergraduate students participated in taking a Goldberg-based Big-Five survey to measure their openness to experience. Women had higher levels of openness to experience compared to men. These findings suggest that there is a relationship between gender and the personality trait of openness to experience.Read MorePersonality Traits Of A Personality Trait Essay1504 Words   |  7 Pages NZ Personality Trait Research Gender differences in personality traits A lot of research has been done regarding gender differences in personality traits; which have given observable differences in previous research done on different levels of traits. This study addresses the gender differences in the levels of neuroticism and agreeableness in New Zealand. Results show that there are significant differences between the levels of neuroticism and agreeableness in malesRead MoreEssay about Gender Differences1657 Words   |  7 Pagesthat major gender differences exists, however scientific studies have prove that this difference occur mainly due to different rate of biological development, understanding this will help overcome negative impact brought about by perceived gender differences. For instance, understanding the nature of brain development between boys and girls is different, helps in establishing that possibly there are differences in learning style between the genders. This is vital in developing gender specific teachingRead MoreGender Correlati on Of The Myers Briggs Type Indicator1531 Words   |  7 PagesGender Correlations in Regards to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Mary E. Pyper Aquinas College Abstract One hundred seventy-eight anonymous participants (120 females, 48 males, and 10 non-specified genders) between the ages of 18 and 26 participated in a fifteen question survey regarding how portions of the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) relate to age and gender. The participants were selected by convenience sampling. Using questions designed to determine two aspects of each subject’s personalityRead MoreIs There A Correlation Between Personality And Dreams?1115 Words   |  5 PagesIs there a Correlation between Personality and Dreams? Dreams are stories that we develop in our minds while we are sleep. These dreams can range from something bizarre to something extremely entertaining. Many scientists, researchers, and philosophers have studied the concept of dreaming, as well as linking it to personality. Dreams being a mysterious phenomenon, there has been quite an extensive amount of research to find the correlation between personality and dreams. This literature review willRead MoreDifferences Between Female And Female Brains1632 Words   |  7 Pagesunderstand how personality traits change in early and middle adulthood by examining the Big Five personality trait dimensions (Goldberg, 1992; John Srivastava, 1999; McCrae Costa, 1999). It will be particularly interesting examining whether change on all of the Big Five dimensions stops or slows in middle adulthood, as predicted by the five-factor theory, or whether change is ongoing and differentiated, as predicted by contextualist theories. Subtle observable dif ferences exist between male and femaleRead MoreThe Participant s Self Concept Personality1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of the research was to assess the participant’s self-concept personality (i.e., introvert or extrovert) and how they would associate with either a profile that was alike to their self-concept personality or a profile that was opposite to their self-concept personality. The three traits that were selected for the research were trustworthiness, friendliness, and likeability/physical attractiveness. Former research [â€Å"Byrne, D. (1961). Interpersonal attraction and attitude similarity. TheRead MorePersonality Is Defined As The Combination Of Characteristics944 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality is defined as the combination of characteristics or qualities that form an individual’s distinctive character. The study of personality has a broad and varied history in psychology with an abundance of theoretical traditions. The major theories include dispositional (trait) perspective, psychodynamic, humanistic, biological, behaviorist, evolutionary, and social learning perspective. This paper will be describing the psychodynamic theory and how its approach signifies one’s perspectiveRead MoreDifferences Between Sex And Gender Essay1151 Words   |  5 PagesThere are distinct differences between Sex and Gender. Sex is divided up into two divisions, male or female, based upon their reproductive system. Gender is the notion set by society on what social behaviours are acceptable for males and females, for example the expectation that females are more caring or nurturing than men. Gender can be further divided into two subcategorise: identity and stereotype. Gender identity is the concept that your sex and gender do not have to be the same but can differentRead MorePersonality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media1136 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media This article was published in the PLOS ONE journal volume 9 on September 25, 2013. It was received for publication on January 23, 2013 and accepted for publication on July 29, 2013. The study was conducted by a group of scientists in the University of Warwick which is located in the United Kingdom. These scientists were H. Andrew Schwartz mail, Johannes C. Eichstaedt, Margaret L. Kern, Lukasz Dziurzynski, Stephanie M. Ramones

How to Lie With Statistics Book Review - 1047 Words

How to Lie with Statistics Book Summary The book How to Lie with Statistics written by Darrell Huff shows you how statistics are used to mislead; sometimes unintentionally, other times on purpose. It gives the readers the knowledge necessary to intelligently question and understand the story behind the numbers. In other words, it shows the tricks the crooks use, so that honest men can use this knowledge for self defense. I think it’s particularly useful for a manager or an executive to read and understand this book, because they are usually presented with a lot of numbers, graphs and charts and are expected to make decisions based on these numbers. People collecting and presenting the numbers to management could employ some of the†¦show more content†¦Another interesting concept explained in the book is the semi attached figure: if you can’t prove what you want to prove, demonstrate something else and pretend they are the same thing. When there is a comparison, you should carefully look at what the comparison product or group is. You should also control for all other potential risk factors when studying effects of factors. The most striking example in the book is the claim used by Navy recruiters: It was safer to be in Navy than out of it just by comparing the death rates of Navy personnel and NY citizens, even though these groups are not comparable. Maybe one of the most common mistakes about statistics is to think that something is a result of something when they are correlated. However, correlation does not imply causation. A very common instance is where neither of the variables have any effect on each other but there is a real correlation. The book presents a great example for this with rum prices and ministers’ salaries. They seem to be correlated and you could decide that one is the cause of the other where in fact the rise in the prices is the real influence for both. Therefore, one should be very careful interpreting results because it is very easy to show a positive correlation between a pair of things. This books shows that misinforming people by the use of statistical material is quite easy and widely used. Statistics is as much an art as it is a science and aShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Moneyball The Art Of Winning An Unfair Game By Michael Lewis1624 Words   |  7 Pagespayrolls. During this review, we will discuss and visit aspects of organizational theory such as moral judgment, decision making, risk management, and ethical leadership and how Michael Lewis applied them in his book. I will provide a synopsis of the overall concept of his theory, as well as providing a breakdown of how our concepts of organizational theory relate to this overall process called Moneyball. Summary Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair game by Michael Lewis details how an economic modelRead MoreTotal Money Makeover Financial Review1057 Words   |  5 PagesTotal Money Makeover Book Review So, you’re making payments on your car, your furniture, your house and your credit cards. In other words, you’re a typical American†¦and you’re in trouble. You’re behind on your payments and see no earthly way to dig your way out of your miserable pit. You need Dave Ramsey. Dave Ramsey is direct, he doesn’t sugar-coat his advice. He’ll tell you what’s smart and what’s not so smart. He won’t tell you that the road out of debt is always easy. Ramsey gives aRead MoreThe Political History Of The Usa1742 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans, present day America still remains segregated. Statistics have shown that the discrimination throughout history has been used in a direct behavior against African-American people. 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His job as EHM was to convince developing countries to borrow hefty loans for investing for infrastructure with sole purpose to make those countries dependent both economically and politically by U.s Corporations lie Halliburton and Betchel. After leaving M.A.I.N, he worked as CEO for Independent Power System, Inc. As EHM, he travelled all over the world and witnessed major dramatic incidences including Saudi Arabian Money Laundering Affair, the Fall of Shah ofRead MoreCase Study : Hospital Trust Board1249 Words   |  5 Pagesbenefit of the hospital’s Trust Board on the concept of Balanced Scorecard. The Balanced Scorecard (BSC): A theory and management approach of the Balanced Scorecard was first â€Å"proposed in the Harvard Business Review by Robert S. Kaplan David P. Norton (1995)† (Knapp, 2001). In the book called ‘The Balances Scorecard’ Kaplan and Norton (1996) translated organization’s mission and strategy into comprehensive set of performance measures. 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Australian and American female nurses in the armed Essay Example For Students

Australian and American female nurses in the armed Essay forcesTo what extent were Australian and American female nurses treated as professionals in the armed forces?We have made partners of the women in this war; shall we admit them only to a partnership of suffering and sacrifice and not to a partnership of privilege and right? U.S President Wilson, September 1918My research for this essay showed that although there were similarities between American and Australian attitudes towards female nurses serving in their armed forces, some elements of the American War Department were more reluctant in allowing female nurses to serve as part of the armed forces in World War One. The different types of sources consulted were useful for different purposes. For example, the Australian Defence Department website (See Web Reference 3) although very detailed, suffers the expected bias due to it being written and published by the nursing corps of the current Australian Army. I also discovered that it was essential to distinguish between different parts of the armed forces because in some instances, like the case of the US War Department and the US Army, they had conflicting views on female nurses serving in World War One. This essay shows that there was a temporary marked change in each country towards the attitude of female nurses participating in the armed forces as the war progressed. However, after the conclusion of World War One, whilst they had earned respect for the nursing profession, their contribution was still not enough to admit them into the armed forces on a permanent basis. The establishment of the Australian Army Nursing Service in New South Wales in 1898 (Adam-Smith, 1984, 16), and in America the creation of the Army Nursing Corps in 1901 (Bullough Sentz, 2000, 77) opened the door for women to take part in some areas of the military, but only slightly. The outbreak of World War One was the major factor in the change of attitude towards nurses participating in the armed forces. Nurses were to become the most significant section of American and Australian women that directly took part in the war away from home. World War One was the most significant opportunity for nurses and other groups of women to have direct involvement in public, national affairs and not just indirect private family matters as it used to be. World War One was the first time on a large scale that gave women the opportunity to choose either direct or indirect involvement. The history of modern nursing stems from the pioneer work of Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) who turned nursing into a respected profession and vocation. She also reformed hospital sanitation methods. (Cohen, 1997, 128) She worked for a year as an unpaid superintendent of a London establishment for gentlewomen during illness,(Cohen, 1997, 130) until she and 38 other nurses were recruited for service in the Crimean War. This was the first time women were introduced to work as part of a military hospital during wartime. The change in the attitude towards female nurses and the respect they had earned by the end of World War One did not come easy. In Australia, the Federal Government was quick to create the first unit of nurses, who were to staff medical units overseas. To begin with, this brought much initial criticism from senior officers who preferred to train male soldiers as male nursing orderlies rather than female nurses. (See Web Reference 1) A primary source document of a comment for public consumption by the Director of Medical Services at the time, Major General Howse said,The female nurse (as a substitute for the fully trained male nursing orderly) did little towards the actually saving of life in waralthough she might promote a more rapid and complete recovery. (See Web Reference 1) In addition to this, female doctors were not allowed to join the medical services as a doctor because it was a widespread thought that women were too delicate to handle what they would face in a war-type situa tion. (See Web Reference 2) Whereas the Australian Government rushed to enlist nurses quickly, when America joined the war effort, only some parts of the Federal Government supported the use of women power. The sources show that there wasnt an agreement between the US War Department and the US Army and Navy. On the one hand, the Army requested that the War department enlist women as clerks as well as nurses but this was constantly denied. The Army was as quickly as possible trying to figure out how to bypass the bureaucratic red tape to enlist women nurses. (Bullough and Sentz, 2000, 88) On the other hand the US War Department showed a lack of enthusiasm on letting nurses serve in the Army. Therefore the fate of women nurses depended upon who out of the Army and War Department would be the prevailing authority. Ultimately, nurses were the only group of women, who did serve in the US Army during World War One. (Bullough and Sentz, 2000, 88) The US War Department seemed to be out of d ate in being reluctant to allow the Army to enlist women nurses. But the Navy and Marine Corps ignored the War Department. They quickly enlisted women who were given the same status as men. These were the first women in America admitted to some military rank and status. However when World War One ended they were quickly ushered out of the service. (Bullough and Sentz, 2000, 89) This narrow-mindedness shown by some groups opposed to women taking part in the war was an attitude that would soon change shortly after the conclusion of World War One. Native American Genocide EssayUnfortunately despite the majority of Government and military authorities who had changed their attitude towards nurses, there were still a minority whose attitude had remained unchanged. Despite the heroism displayed by Australian Nurses in World War One, their names were not recorded on war memorials for they were not combatants.(Cochrane, 1996, 69) This seemed unjust as they were excluded from the heritage of battle. (Cochrane, 1996, 69) It was not until 2nd October 1999 that an Australian Service Nurses National Memorial was unveiled in Anzac Parade, Canberra. (See Web Reference 4) It took 100 years for Australian Nurses who had served and suffered in every major conflict Australia had been involved in to gain service recognition. (Web Reference 4)During World War One, the American Army petitioned the US War Department for women to become a permanent part of the military. When hostilities ceased on November 11, 1918, plans for women to become part of the military were scrapped by the US War Department. (Bullough Sentz, 2000, 91) World War One opened the door temporarily for women to become part of the military but it was another twenty three years before women were again remotely considered as part of the United States military establishment. (Bullough Sentz, 2000, 91)It wasnt until after the end of World War One with soldiers returning home that it was realised how important the contribution of nurses was. There had been resistance by Australian medical officers in the beginning to nurses even joining the medical corps, let alone serve in base hospitals. (Adam-Smith, 1984, 36) However, sources show that opinions certainly changed after the war. One example of a changed opinion was a primary source document of a comment by Major J.T. Tait, Act. Registrar at No.1 AGH who remarked upon the work of the nurses after the end of the war. The source shows that he was just one of many who had come to respect the work of the nurses: The outstanding feature of their work through all the vicissitudes of administration was thatthey made it plain that they were there to nurse and care for the sick men, and that duty they were going to do, in spite, if necessary, of rules and regulations and military procedure. (Adam-Smith, 1984, 36) American women had the support of President Woodrow Wilson who saw how bravely they served on the war front. (Bullough Sentz, 2000, 104) A speech for public consumption by President Wilson who addressed the US Senate in September 1918, urged the Senators to recognize the contribution made by American women in World War One:Are we alone to ask and take the utmost that our women can give, service and sacrifice of every kind. And still say we do not see what titles that gives them to stand by our sides in the guidance of the affairs of their nations and ours?(Bullough Sentz, 2000, 105)Female nurses in both Australia and America during World War One had to struggle in order to change prev ious attitudes some groups had towards the involvement of women in general taking an active role in some part of the military. These days we not only recognise the importance of male and female soldiers in the war, but also female nurses, who tend to the soldiers in times of sickness and injury. Acting under such adverse conditions, Australian and American nurses proved their dedication to serving their country in times of need; they truly earned the title Front-line angels. (See Web Ref 1) However, though attitudes towards nurses did change during the war, it was only temporary. Their direct involvement in World War One was still not enough in proving that women nurses were capable of serving as a permanent part of the armed forces. (See Web Reference 5)Bibliographyhttp://www.anzacday.org.au/hidtory/ww1/overview/nurses.htmlhttp://www.awm.gov.au/1918/medical/nurses.htmhttp://www.defence.gov.au/dpe/dhs/main/infocentre/history/army/raanc.htmhttp://www.skp.com.au/memorials/00010.htmhtt p://bss.sfsu.edu.tygiel/Hist427/paddison.htmBullough, V.L Sentz, L. American Nursing, a biographical dictionary. Vol I. 2000, Springer, New YorkBarker, M. Nightingales in the Mud: The Digger Sisters of The Great War 1914-1918, 1989, Allen and Unwin, SydneyCohen, I.B. Florence Nightingale, 1997, Springer, New YorkCochrane, P Australians at WarAdamSmith, P Australian Women at War 1984, Thomas Nelson Australia, Hong Kong

Sexual Harassment and Rape Essay Example For Students

Sexual Harassment and Rape Essay Cheryl, sixteen, trainer for her high-school girls volleyball team and photographer for the school newspaper, arrived at the gym at about 9:00 Saturday for a volleyball tournament. She left her purse and equipment with friends while she went to the restroom. When the game started and she hadnt returned to the teams bench, her friends went to look for her. Her raped body was found behind some stage backdrops on the balcony of the school auditorium(Booher 12). Sexual Harassment and Rape Essay are prevalent in all aspects of society. Sexual harassment is unwelcome behavior of a sexual nature that makes someone feel uncomfortable or unwelcome by focusing attention on their gender (http://www.de.psu.edu/harassment/whatif/). There are many different forms of sexual harassment including sexual comments, jokes, gestures, looks, pictures, photos, illustrations, messages, and rumors. Other forms such as calling gay or lesbian, spy on people dressing, flash or moon, touch or grab sexually, pull at clothes, corner in sexual way, or force to do something sexual are also forms of sexual harassment(Parrot 2). Statistics show that eighty-one percent of teens, ages thirteen to eighteen, have been sexually harassed in school alone. In school the number of teens who are sexually harassed are astounding. Eighty-five percent of female teen are sexually harassed in school, which is slightly higher then the seventy-six percent of male teens harassed(3). One in ever four girls, and one in every seven boys, are sexually harassed on a daily basis(Cooney 18). There are many myths about sexual harassment that causes people to stereotype potential attackers. Eighty percent of the time the sexual abuser is someone known and trusted by the victim(13). In father-daughter and father-son sexual abuse, the natural father is most likely to be the abuser(14). The sexual abusive parent is usually considered a model citizen(16). The victim is never at fault in sexual abuse(15). Rape is forced sexual intercourse against the will of the victim(Valle 58). There are five main types of rape, acquaintance, date, marital, soft, and gang rape(Parrot 18). Rape can happen to both males and females although in most cases the female is the victim(Cooney 39). Acquaintance rape is forced intercourse, or other sexual act, that occurs between two people who know each other. This could be a date, teacher/student, friend of the family, employer/employee, husband/wife, doctor/patient, friend. Date rape is only one form of acquaintance rape(Parrot 18). Date rape is forced sexual intercourse, or other sexual act, that occurs between a dating couple or while on a date(Parrot 18). Most date rapes are not reported because the victim feels in some way that it is their fault. They may think that because they were flirting heavily that they lead the rapist on and made them think that they wanted to have sex. Any type of forced intercourse is rape(Shuker-Haines 47). Marital rape is forced sexual intercourse, or other sexual act, that occurs between husband and wife. Some states do not legally recognize this as rape. Even in states where marital rape is against the law it is impossible to obtain a conviction unless the couple are separated or divorced or unless some other form of violence such as assault and battery accompanies the rape(Parrot Soft rape is forced sexual intercourse, or other sexual act, in which coercion, pressure or intimidation, or threat of coercion is used to gain the victims compliance. Another definition is when one is forced into a sexual act by duress, verbal threats of harm, during intoxication, or using date rape drugs, basically, rape without physical force(http://www.crosswinds. net/castlesintheair/boughtandsold/slinkyredthing.html). There is not a lot of information about soft rape because it is rarely reported. Gang rape is forced sexual intercourse by more then on assailant. This is common in gang initiations where the new comer is rape by the entire gang. This is also common in prisons to establish ranks between inmates. Impact Of Social Media On Society EssayStART, or Students Against Rape Together, is an incorporated student group organized to create a rape-free environment they earned Outstanding Student Organization of the Year for the advances they made in promoting rape awareness and education on campus. For more information about StART or information on how you may become involved email: emailprotected(http://www.willamette.edu/org/start/). Woman Organized Against Rape (WOAR) was born in 1973 when a small group of women joined together to challenge police, hospitals and courts to treat survivors of sexual assault with dignity and compassion and to confront the culture of violence against women that underlies the crime of rape. Today WOAR is a vita nonprofit organization whose staff and volunteers together provide comprehensive sexual assault counseling and advocacy services and community education and training. WOAR counseling services are provided free of charge and are available to women and girls and men and boys who experience sexual abuse and/or assault(http://www.woar.org/about_us.html). Sad to say sexual harassment and rape are daily occurrences throughout the United States. If you have read this entire research paper and are still confused and wondering, why do I need to know about rape and sexual harassment, here are four reasons. Girls must learn not to be victims. Boys need to learn to respect girls and that â€Å"no† means â€Å"no.† We need to learn to help rape victims(Shuker-Haines 13). Bibliography:Bender, David L. â€Å"Sexual Harassment† San Diego, CA 1992. Booher, Dianna D. â€Å"Rape What Would You Do If ?† New York, NY 1981. Cooney, Judith. â€Å"Coping with Sexual Abuse† New York, NY 1987. Hyde, Margaret O. â€Å"Sexual Abuse Let’s Talk About It† Philadelphia, 1987. Information on Sexual Harassment. Accessed 2001 Mar. 3La Valle, John. â€Å"Everything You Need to Know When You Are the Male Survivor of Rape or Sexual Assault† New York, NY 1996. Parrot, Andrea. â€Å"Coping with Date Rape and Acquaintance Rape† New York, NY 1995. RAINN. Accessed 2001 Mar. 3Rape Aggression Defense. Accessed 2001 Mar. 3Sexual Assault Services. Accessed 2001 Mar. 3Shuker-Haines, Frances. â€Å"Everything You Need To Know About Date Rape† New York, NY 1990. Stark, Evan. â€Å"Everything You Need to Know About Sexual Abuse† New York, NY 1988. Students Against Rape Together. Accessed 2001 Mar. 3Women Organized Against Rape. Accessed 2001 Mar. 3Yes I Wore a Slinky Red Thing. Accessed 2001 Mar. 3